Ukurikije uburyo bwo gutegura imashini yerekana imashini, ibikoresho byimashini bigabanyijemo ibyiciro 11: imisarani, imashini zicukura, imashini zirambirana, imashini zisya, imashini zitunganya ibikoresho, imashini zidoda, imashini zisya, imashini zitegura imashini, imashini zogosha, imashini zibona nizindi ibikoresho by'imashini.Muri buri bwoko bwibikoresho byimashini, bigabanijwe mumatsinda menshi ukurikije inzira igenda, ubwoko bwimiterere n'imikorere, kandi buri tsinda rigabanyijemo ibice byinshi.Uyu munsi, umwanditsi azakuganiriza kubyerekeye amateka yamateka yimisarani, imashini zirambirana nimashini zisya.
1. Umusarani
Umusarani nigikoresho cyimashini ikoresha cyane cyane igikoresho cyo guhindura kugirango uhindure umurimo.Kuri umusarani, imyitozo, reamers, reamers, kanda, gupfa nibikoresho bya knurling nabyo birashobora gukoreshwa mugutunganya neza.Imisarani ikoreshwa cyane mugutunganya ibiti, disiki, amaboko nibindi bikoresho bifite isura izenguruka, kandi nubwoko bukoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byimashini mugukora imashini no gusana amaduka.
1. "Umuheto wumuheto" wa pulleys ya kera n'inkoni.Kera nko muri Egiputa ya kera, abantu bahimbye tekinoroji yo guhindura ibiti nigikoresho mugihe bazunguruka hafi yacyo.Ubwa mbere, abantu bakoresheje ibiti bibiri bihagaze nkibikoresho kugirango bashireho inkwi kugirango bahindurwe, bakoreshe imbaraga za elastike zamashami kugirango bazunguruke umugozi ku giti, bakure umugozi mukiganza cyangwa ikirenge kugirango bahindure inkwi, kandi bafashe icyuma kuri gukata.
Ubu buryo bwa kera bwagiye buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro buhoro. guhindukira, aribwo “umuheto wo mu muheto”.
2. Crankshaft yo mu gihe cyo hagati na flawheel itwara “umusarani wa pedal”.Mu Gihe Hagati, umuntu yateguye "umusarani wa pedal" wakoreshaga pedal kugirango uzunguruke igikonjo hanyuma utware isazi, hanyuma uyitware ku rufunzo runini kugirango uzunguruke.Hagati y'ikinyejana cya 16, umufaransa washushanyaga witwa Besson yateguye umusarani wo guhindura imigozi akoresheje inkoni kugira ngo igikoresho kinyerera.Kubwamahirwe, uyu musarani ntiwakunzwe.
3. Mu kinyejana cya cumi n'umunani, havutse udusanduku two kuryama hamwe na chucks.Mu kinyejana cya 18, undi muntu yateguye umusarani ukoresha pedal ikirenge hamwe ninkoni ihuza kugirango uzunguruke igikonjo, gishobora kubika ingufu za kinetic zizunguruka kuri flawheel, hanyuma kigatera imbere kuva kizunguruka cyakazi kugeza kumutwe uzunguruka, ari a Chuck yo gufata urupapuro.
4. Mu 1797, Umwongereza Maudsley yahimbye umusarani wibikoresho byo mu bihe byashizweho umusarani, ufite ibyuma byerekana neza neza hamwe n’ibikoresho bisimburana.
Maudsley yavutse mu 1771, afite imyaka 18, yari umuntu w’iburyo wahimbye Brammer.Bavuga ko Brammer yahoze ari umuhinzi, kandi igihe yari afite imyaka 16, impanuka yateje ubumuga ku kuguru kwe kw'iburyo, bityo biba ngombwa ko ahindukira akora ibiti, bitari bigendanwa cyane.Ivumburwa rye rya mbere ni umusarani wogeje mu 1778. Maudsley yatangiye gufasha Brahmer gukora imashini zikoresha hydraulic n’izindi mashini kugeza igihe yaviriye i Brahmer afite imyaka 26, kubera ko Brahmer yanze yivuye inyuma icyifuzo cya Moritz cyo gusaba ko umushahara wiyongera hejuru y’amashiringi 30 buri cyumweru.
Muri uwo mwaka, Maudsley yavuye i Brammer, yubatse umusarani we wa mbere, umusarani w'icyuma cyose ufite ibikoresho hamwe n'umurizo ushobora kugenda unyuze kuri gari ya moshi ebyiri.Ubuyobozi bwa gari ya moshi iyobora ni mpandeshatu, kandi iyo umuzenguruko uzunguruka, icyuma kiyobora kiyobora kwimura igikoresho nyuma.Ubu ni bwo buryo nyamukuru bwimisarani igezweho, hamwe nicyuma cyerekana neza icyuma icyo aricyo cyose gishobora guhinduka.
Nyuma yimyaka itatu, Maudsley yubatse umusarani wuzuye mu mahugurwa ye bwite, hamwe n’ibikoresho bisimburana byahinduye igipimo cy’ibiryo hamwe n’ikibanza cy’imigozi.Mu 1817, undi mwongereza, Roberts, yakoresheje uburyo bune bwa pulley ninyuma yinyuma kugirango ahindure umuvuduko.Bidatinze, imisarani minini yatangijwe, igira uruhare mu guhanga moteri ya moteri hamwe nizindi mashini.
5. Ivuka ry'imisarani idasanzwe Mu rwego rwo kuzamura urwego rwo gukanika no gukoresha imashini, Fitch muri Amerika yahimbye umusarani wa tarret mu 1845;mu 1848, umusarani w’ibiziga wagaragaye muri Amerika;Mu 1873, Spencer muri Amerika yakoze umukono umwe mu buryo bwikora, kandi bidatinze akora amatara atatu yikora;mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 hagaragaye imisarani hamwe na moteri yoherejwe na moteri zitandukanye.Bitewe no guhanga ibyuma byihuta byuma byuma no gukoresha moteri yamashanyarazi, imisarani yagiye ikomeza kunozwa kandi amaherezo igeze kurwego rugezweho rwumuvuduko mwinshi kandi neza.
Nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, kubera ibikenerwa n’intwaro, amamodoka n’inganda zindi zikoreshwa mu mashini, imisarani itandukanye ikora neza cyane kandi imisarani yihariye yateye imbere byihuse.Mu rwego rwo kuzamura umusaruro w’ibice bito by’ibikorwa, mu mpera za 1940, hazamuwe imisarani ifite ibikoresho byerekana umwirondoro wa hydraulic, kandi muri icyo gihe, hanatezwa imbere imisarani y’ibikoresho byinshi.Mu myaka ya za 1950 rwagati, hateguwe imisarani igenzurwa na karita ya punch, plaque na terefone.Ikoranabuhanga rya CNC ryatangiye gukoreshwa mu musarani mu myaka ya za 1960 kandi ryateye imbere vuba nyuma ya za 70.
6. Imisarani igabanijwe muburyo butandukanye ukurikije imikoreshereze n'imikorere.
Umusarani usanzwe ufite ibintu byinshi byo gutunganya ibintu, kandi urwego rwo guhinduranya umuvuduko wa spindle n'ibiryo ni binini, kandi birashobora gutunganya imbere imbere ninyuma, mumaso yanyuma hamwe nududodo twimbere ninyuma yibikorwa.Ubu bwoko bwumusarani bukoreshwa cyane nintoki nabakozi, hamwe nubushobozi buke bwo gukora, kandi burakwiriye kubice bimwe, umusaruro muto-wo gutunganya no gusana amahugurwa.
Imisarani ya Turret hamwe nu musarani uzunguruka bifite kuruhuka rwibikoresho bya turret cyangwa kuruhuka ibikoresho bizenguruka bishobora gufata ibikoresho byinshi, kandi abakozi barashobora gukoresha ibikoresho bitandukanye kugirango barangize inzira zitandukanye mugukomatanya igice cyakazi, kibereye kubyara umusaruro.
Ubwiherero bwikora bushobora guhita burangiza uburyo bwinshi bwo gutunganya ibihangano bito n'ibiciriritse bikurikije gahunda runaka, birashobora guhita bipakira no gupakurura ibikoresho, kandi bigatunganya icyiciro cyibikorwa bimwe inshuro nyinshi, bikwiranye nibikorwa byinshi.
Ibikoresho byinshi-byikora byikora bigabanijwemo umurongo umwe, umurongo-mwinshi, utambitse kandi uhagaritse.Imiterere yubwoko bumwe bwa axis itambitse isa niy'umusarani usanzwe, ariko ibice bibiri byibiruhuko byashyizwe imbere n'inyuma cyangwa hejuru cyangwa hejuru no hepfo ya shitingi nkuru, kandi bikoreshwa mugutunganya disiki, impeta n'ibiti bya shaft, kandi umusaruro wabyo wikubye inshuro 3 kugeza kuri 5 kurenza ubwiherero busanzwe.
Umusarani ushushanya urashobora guhita urangiza gutunganya uruziga rwakazi wigana imiterere nubunini bwicyitegererezo cyangwa icyitegererezo.Irakwiranye nicyiciro gito nicyiciro cyo gukora ibihangano bifite imiterere igoye, kandi umusaruro wikubye inshuro 10 kugeza kuri 15 ugereranije nu musarani usanzwe.Hano hari ibikoresho byinshi bifata, byinshi-axis, ubwoko bwa chuck, vertical verisiyo nubundi bwoko.
Uruziga rw'umusarani uhagaritse ni perpendicular ku ndege itambitse, igihangano cyashyizwe ku mbonerahamwe izenguruka, kandi ikiruhuko cy'ibikoresho kigenda ku giti cyangwa ku nkingi.Irakwiriye gutunganya ibihangano binini, biremereye bigoye gushira kumisarani isanzwe.Mubisanzwe, bagabanijwemo ibyiciro bibiri: inkingi imwe ninkingi ebyiri.
Mugihe umusarani wamenyo yamasuka arimo guhinduka, uwifata igikoresho asubiranamo mugihe cyerekezo cya radiyo, ikoreshwa mugukora hejuru yinyo yinyo yo gukata urusyo, gukata hob, nibindi. moteri yamashanyarazi igabanya amenyo.
Umusarani wihariye ni umusarani ukoreshwa mumashini yihariye yubwoko bumwebumwe bwibikorwa, nkumusarani wa crankshaft, umusarani wa camshaft, umusarani wibiziga, umusarani wa axe, umusarani uzunguruka, hamwe nu musarani.
Umusarani uhuriweho ukoreshwa cyane cyane muguhindura gutunganya, ariko nyuma yo kongeramo ibice byihariye nibikoresho, birashobora kandi kurambirana, gusya, gucukura, gushiramo, gusya nibindi gutunganya.Ifite ibiranga "imashini imwe ifite imirimo myinshi" kandi irakwiriye kubinyabiziga byubwubatsi, amato cyangwa imirimo yo gusana mobile kuri sitasiyo.
Imashini irambirana
Nubwo inganda zamahugurwa zisubira inyuma, zahuguye kandi zitanga abanyabukorikori benshi.Nubwo atari abahanga mu gukora imashini, barashobora gukora ibikoresho byose byamaboko, nkicyuma, ibiti, inshinge, imyitozo, cones, urusyo, shitingi, amaboko, ibikoresho, amakaramu yo kuryama, nibindi, mubyukuri, imashini ziteranijwe Kuva muri ibi bice.
1. Umushinga wambere wimashini irambirana - Imashini irambirana ya Da Vinci izwi nka "Nyina wimashini".Tuvuze imashini zirambirana, tugomba kubanza kuvuga kuri Leonardo da Vinci.Iyi shusho yimigani irashobora kuba yarashushanyije imashini za kera zirambiranye zo gukora ibyuma.Imashini irambiranye yateguye ikoreshwa na hydraulic cyangwa pedal pedal, igikoresho kirambirana kizunguruka hafi yakazi, kandi igihangano cyashyizwe kumeza igendanwa itwarwa na kane.Mu 1540, undi murangi yashushanyije ishusho ya “Pyrotechnics” ashushanya kimwe n'imashini irambirana, yakoreshwaga mu kurangiza imyanda idafite icyo gihe.
2. Imashini yambere irambiranye yavutse mugutunganya ibibari bya rutura (Wilkinson, 1775).Mu kinyejana cya 17, kubera ibikenewe mu gisirikare, iterambere ry’inganda za rutura ryihuse cyane, kandi n’uburyo bwo gukora ingunguru y’ibisasu byabaye ikibazo gikomeye abantu bakeneye byihutirwa gukemura.
Imashini yambere irambiranye kwisi yavumbuwe na Wilkinson mumwaka wa 1775. Mubyukuri, imashini irambirana ya Wilkinson, mubyukuri, imashini yo gucukura ishoboye gutunganya neza ibisasu, akabari karimo silindrike irambuye yashyizwe ku mpande zombi.
Wilkinson yavukiye muri Amerika mu 1728, yimukira muri Staffordshire afite imyaka 20 yubaka itanura rya mbere rya Bilston.Kubera iyo mpamvu, Wilkinson yiswe “Master Blacksmith of Staffordshire”.Mu 1775, afite imyaka 47, Wilkinson yakoranye umwete mu ruganda rwa se kugira ngo akore iyi mashini nshya yashoboraga gucukura ingunguru y’intwaro kandi idasobanutse neza.Igishimishije, nyuma yuko Wilkinson apfuye mu 1808, yashyinguwe mu isanduku y'icyuma yishushanyije.
3. Imashini irambirana yagize uruhare runini muri moteri ya Watt.Umuhengeri wambere wa Revolution yinganda ntiwari gushoboka hatabayeho moteri ya parike.Kugirango utezimbere kandi ushyire mubikorwa moteri ya parike ubwayo, usibye amahirwe akenewe mumibereho, bimwe mubisabwa tekinike ntibishobora kwirengagizwa, kuko gukora ibice bya moteri ya parike ntabwo byoroshye nko gutema ibiti numubaji.Birakenewe gukora ibice bimwe byihariye byicyuma, kandi ibisabwa gutunganya neza ni byinshi, bidashobora kugerwaho hatabayeho ibikoresho bya tekiniki bijyanye.Kurugero, mugukora silinderi na piston ya moteri ya moteri, ubunyangamugayo bwa diameter yo hanze isabwa mugikorwa cyo gukora piston irashobora kugabanywa hanze mugihe upima ubunini, ariko kugirango byuzuze ibisabwa byimbere imbere diameter ya silinderi, ntabwo byoroshye gukoresha uburyo rusange bwo gutunganya..
Smithton yari umukanishi mwiza wo mu kinyejana cya cumi n'umunani.Smithton yateguye ibice 43 byamazi nibikoresho byumuyaga.Ku bijyanye no gukora moteri ya parike, ikintu kigoye cyane kuri Smithon ni ugutunganya silinderi.Biragoye rwose gukora imashini nini ya silinderi imbere muruziga.Kugira ngo ibyo bishoboke, Smithton yakoze imashini idasanzwe yo gukata silinderi y'imbere muri Cullen Iron Work.Ubu bwoko bwimashini irambirana, ikoreshwa na waterwheel, ifite ibikoresho kumpera yimbere yumurongo muremure, kandi igikoresho gishobora kuzunguruka muri silinderi kugirango gitunganyirize uruziga rwimbere.Kubera ko igikoresho gishyizwe kumpera yimbere yumutwe muremure, hazabaho ibibazo nko gutandukana kwa shaft, biragoye cyane rero gukora imashini ya silinderi rwose.Kugirango bigerweho, Smithton yagombaga guhindura umwanya wa silinderi inshuro nyinshi zo gutunganya.
Imashini irambiranye yahimbwe na Wilkinson mu 1774 yagize uruhare runini muri iki kibazo.Ubu bwoko bwimashini irambirana ikoresha uruziga rwamazi kugirango ruzenguruke silinderi yibikoresho hanyuma uyisunike yerekeza kubikoresho byagenwe hagati.Bitewe nigikorwa kigereranije hagati yigikoresho nibikoresho, ibikoresho birarambirwa mu mwobo wa silindrike kandi neza.Muri kiriya gihe, imashini irambirana yakoreshwaga mu gukora silinderi ifite umurambararo wa santimetero 72 mu bunini bw'igiceri cya gatandatu.Wapimwe nubuhanga bugezweho, iri ni ikosa rikomeye, ariko mubihe byari bimeze icyo gihe, ntibyari byoroshye kugera kururu rwego.
Ariko, igihangano cya Wilkinson nticyemewe, abantu bariganye baragishyiraho.Mu 1802, Watt yanditse kandi ku gihangano cya Wilkinson, yandukuye ku byuma bye bya Soho.Nyuma, igihe Watt yakoraga silinderi na piston ya moteri ya parike, yakoresheje kandi imashini itangaje ya Wilkinson.Byaragaragaye ko kuri piston, birashoboka gupima ubunini mugihe uyikata, ariko ntabwo byoroshye cyane kuri silinderi, kandi hagomba gukoreshwa imashini irambirana.Muri icyo gihe, Watt yakoresheje uruziga rw'amazi kugira ngo azunguruke silinderi y'icyuma, ku buryo igikoresho cyagati cyagenwe cyasunitswe imbere kugira ngo gikate imbere ya silinderi.Nkigisubizo, ikosa rya silinderi ifite diameter ya santimetero 75 ntirwari munsi yubunini bwigiceri.Byateye imbere cyane.
4. Ivuka ryimashini irambura ameza (Hutton, 1885) Mu myaka icumi yakurikiyeho, hari byinshi byahinduwe ku mashini irambirana ya Wilkinson.Mu 1885, Hutton mu Bwongereza yakoze imashini irambura ameza, ibaye prototype yimashini igezweho.
3. Imashini yo gusya
Mu kinyejana cya 19, Abongereza bahimbye imashini irambirana hamwe n’umuteguro kugira ngo hakenewe impinduramatwara mu nganda nka moteri ya parike, mu gihe Abanyamerika bibanze ku guhimba imashini isya kugira ngo babone intwaro nyinshi.Imashini yo gusya ni imashini ifite imashini isya yuburyo butandukanye, ishobora guca ibihangano bifite ishusho yihariye, nkibisumizi bya tekinike, imiterere y'ibikoresho, nibindi.
Nko mu 1664, umuhanga mu Bwongereza Hook yakoze imashini yo gukata yishingikirije ku kuzenguruka.Ibi birashobora gufatwa nkimashini yambere yo gusya, ariko icyo gihe societe ntiyitabye cyane.Mu myaka ya 1840, Pratt yateguye icyitwa imashini isya Lincoln.Birumvikana ko uwashizeho rwose imiterere yimashini zisya mu gukora imashini yari Whitney w umunyamerika.
1. Imashini ya mbere isanzwe yo gusya (Whitney, 1818) Mu 1818, Whitney yakoze imashini yambere isanzwe yo gusya ku isi, ariko ipatanti yimashini isya yari Bodmer yo mu Bwongereza (ifite ibikoresho byo kugaburira ibikoresho).Uwahimbye umushinga wa gantry) "yabonye" mu 1839. Kubera igiciro kinini cyimashini zisya, ntabwo abantu benshi bashimishijwe nicyo gihe.
2. Imashini ya mbere yo gusya kwisi yose (Brown, 1862) Nyuma yigihe cyo guceceka, imashini yo gusya yongeye gukora muri Amerika.Ibinyuranye, Whitney na Pratt twavuga gusa ko bashizeho urufatiro rwo guhanga no gukoresha imashini isya, kandi inguzanyo yo guhimba imashini isya ishobora gukoreshwa mubikorwa bitandukanye muruganda igomba kwitirirwa injeniyeri w umunyamerika. Joseph Brown.
Mu 1862, Brown muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika yakoze imashini yambere yo gusya kwisi yose kwisi, ikaba ari udushya twibihe mugihe cyo gutanga disikuru yerekana isi yose hamwe nogukata urusyo.Imbonerahamwe yimashini isya kwisi irashobora kuzenguruka inguni runaka yerekeza kuri horizontal, kandi ifite ibikoresho nkumutwe wo gusya.“Imashini isya isi yose” yagenze neza cyane ubwo yamurikwaga mu imurikagurisha ryabereye i Paris mu 1867. Muri icyo gihe, Brown yanashizeho icyuma gisya kidashobora guhinduka nyuma yo gusya, hanyuma akora imashini isya yo gusya urusyo. gukata, kuzana imashini yo gusya kurwego rwubu.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-02-2022