Ukurikije uburyo bwo gutegura imashini yerekana imashini, ibikoresho byimashini bigabanyijemo ibyiciro 11: imisarani, imashini zogucukura, imashini zirambirana, imashini zisya, imashini zitunganya ibikoresho, imashini zidoda, imashini zisya, imashini zitegura imashini, imashini zogosha, imashini zibona nizindi ibikoresho by'imashini.Muri buri bwoko bwibikoresho byimashini, bigabanijwe mumatsinda menshi ukurikije inzira igenda, ubwoko bwimiterere n'imikorere, kandi buri tsinda rigabanyijemo ibice byinshi.Ariko ifu ya zahabu izi amateka yiterambere ryibi bikoresho byimashini?Uyu munsi, umwanditsi azakuvugisha kubyerekeye amateka yamateka yabategura, urusyo, hamwe na mashini.
1. Umushinga
Muburyo bwo guhanga, ibintu byinshi akenshi byuzuzanya kandi bifatanye: kugirango hakorwe moteri ya parike, hakenewe ubufasha bwimashini irambirana;nyuma yo kuvumbura moteri ya parike, umuteguro wa gantry yongeye guhamagarwa mubijyanye nibisabwa.Turashobora kuvuga ko kuvumbura moteri ya parike aribyo byatumye habaho igishushanyo mbonera niterambere ry "imashini ikora" kuva imashini zirambirana ndetse n umusarani kugeza kubategura gantry.Mubyukuri, umutegura ni "indege" itegura ibyuma.
1. Gantry planer yo gutunganya indege nini (1839) Kubera ko hakenewe gutunganyirizwa indege intebe za moteri ya moteri, abatekinisiye benshi batangiye kwiga kuriyi ngingo kuva mu ntangiriro yikinyejana cya 19, barimo Richard Robert, Richard Pula Special, James Fox na Joseph Clement, nibindi, batangiye mumwaka wa 1814 kandi bigenga bakora ubwigenge bwa gantry mumyaka 25.Uyu muteguro wa gantry nugukosora ikintu cyatunganijwe kurubuga rwisubiraho, kandi uwateguye agabanya uruhande rumwe rwikintu cyatunganijwe.Nyamara, uyu mutegura nta gikoresho cyo kugaburira icyuma, kandi ari muburyo bwo guhinduka kuva "igikoresho" akajya "imashini".Mu 1839, umugabo w’Umwongereza witwa Bodmer yaje gukora umushinga wa gantry ufite ibikoresho byo kugaburira icyuma.
2. Utegura gutunganya ibice Undi mwongereza, Neismith, yahimbye kandi akora umushinga wo gutunganya ibice bitarenze imyaka 40 kuva 1831. Irashobora gutunganya ikintu cyatunganijwe kumuriri, kandi igikoresho kigenda gisubira inyuma.
Kuva icyo gihe, kubera kunoza ibikoresho no kugaragara kwa moteri y’amashanyarazi, abategura gantry bateye imbere mu cyerekezo cyo guca umuvuduko mwinshi kandi neza cyane ku ruhande rumwe, no mu cyerekezo cy’iterambere rinini ku rundi ruhande.
2. Gusya
Gusya ni tekinike ya kera izwi n'abantu kuva kera.Ubu buhanga bwakoreshejwe mu gusya ibikoresho byamabuye mugihe cya Paleolithique.Nyuma, hamwe no gukoresha ibikoresho byuma, iterambere ryikoranabuhanga ryo gusya ryatejwe imbere.Nyamara, igishushanyo cyimashini isya iracyari ikintu cya vuba.Ndetse no mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19, abantu baracyakoresheje ibuye risya risanzwe kugira ngo rihuze n'ibikorwa byo gusya.
1. Urusyo rwa mbere (1864) Mu 1864, Reta zunzubumwe zamerika zakoze urusyo rwa mbere kwisi, nigikoresho gishyiraho uruziga rusya ku bikoresho bifata amashusho ya lathe kandi bigatuma rufite itumanaho ryikora.Nyuma yimyaka 12, Brown muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika yahimbye urusyo rusanzwe rwegereye urusyo rugezweho.
2. Gusya ibihimbano - kuvuka kwiziga (1892) Gukenera ibuye risya naryo riravuka.Nigute ushobora gutezimbere urusyo rwihanganira kwambara kuruta urusyo rusanzwe?Mu 1892, Umunyamerika Acheson yagerageje gutsinda karbide ya silicon ikozwe muri kokiya n'umucanga, ikaba ari urusyo rukora ubu rwitwa C abrasive;nyuma yimyaka ibiri, A abrasive hamwe na alumina nkibice byingenzi byakozwe-bigeragezwa.Intsinzi, murubu buryo, imashini yo gusya yakoreshejwe cyane.
Nyuma, bitewe no kurushaho kunoza ibyuma no kuyobora gari ya moshi, ubusobanuro bwa gride bwarushijeho kuba hejuru, kandi butera imbere mu cyerekezo cyihariye.Gusya imbere, gusya hejuru, gusya ibyuma, gusya ibikoresho, gusya kwisi, nibindi byagaragaye.
3. Imashini yo gucukura
1. Imashini ya kera yo gucukura - "umuheto na reel" tekinoroji yo gucukura ifite amateka maremare.Abacukuzi b'ivya kera bavumbuye ko igikoresho co gukubita imyobo cahimbwe n'abantu mu 4000 BGC.Abakera bashizeho urumuri hejuru yuburyo bubiri, hanyuma bamanika awl kuzunguruka hepfo kumurambararo, hanyuma bakomeretsa awl bakoresheje umuheto kugirango batere awl kuzunguruka, kugirango ibyobo bishobore gukubitwa mubiti n'amabuye.Bidatinze, abantu banashizeho igikoresho cyo gukubita cyitwa "roller wheel", nacyo cyakoresheje umuheto wa elastike kugirango awl izunguruka.
2. Imashini ya mbere yo gucukura (Whitworth, 1862) yari hafi 1850, naho umudage Martignoni yabanje gukora imyitozo yo kugoreka ibyuma;mu imurikagurisha mpuzamahanga ryabereye i Londere mu Bwongereza mu 1862, Whitworth yo mu Bwongereza yerekanye imashini ikora imyitozo itwarwa n’inama y’abaminisitiri y’icyuma ikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi, ihinduka prototype y’imyuga igezweho.
Kuva icyo gihe, imashini zitandukanye zo gucukura zagaragaye nyuma yizindi, zirimo imashini zogucukura imirasire, imashini zicukura zifite uburyo bwo kugaburira bwikora, hamwe n’imashini zicukura-axis nyinshi zishobora gucukura icyarimwe icyarimwe icyarimwe.Ndashimira kunonosora ibikoresho byibikoresho hamwe na bits ya drill, no kumenyekanisha moteri yamashanyarazi, imashini nini nini cyane zikora imashini zirangije gukorwa.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Jun-13-2022